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National Cancer Institute

9000 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20892-2440
United States

Background

Background

The most common form of cancer amongst children and teenagers is leukemia, a disease of the blood and bone marrow that accounts for nearly one out of three cancers in this age group. The specific sub-types of acute leukemias that are most widespread amongst children are ALL (Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia) and AML (Acute Myeloid Leukemia). ALL and AML are types of leukemias where an individual's bone marrow produces too many white blood cells that fail to undergo proper maturation or differentiation.

Background

Pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer. Although the cure rate for this disease is greater than 85%, ALL remains a primary cause of cancer-related deaths in children due to relapse of disease. Importantly, there has been little progress in improving outcomes for patients with relapsed or refractory disease.

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma is a malignant tumor that originates in the muscle. It mostly affects young children. Its treatment involves surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. These therapies have many side effects and are significantly toxic. Unfortunately, children with distant metastases and patients with recurrent disease have a very poor prognosis.