Development of Programmable RNA Sensors to Treat Pediatric Oncofusion Cancers
Although there have been significant strides made in treating pediatric cancer, many children still succumb to their disease. Moreover, survivors can have detrimental late effects from their chemotherapy and radiation including abnormal growth, infertility, cardiac problems, and acquisition of secondary cancers. Therefore, improved and less toxic treatments are urgently needed. A common event leading to pediatric cancer is the breakage of two chromosome and swapping of genetic material between ends. These are called “balanced translocations” and lead to the generation of “fusion molecules” within the cancer cells. Characteristic fusion molecules occur in a wide array of pediatric cancers including leukemias (for example. MLL-AF9, RUNX1-ETV6, RUNX1-ETO) and solid tumors such as Ewing’s sarcoma (EWSR1-FLI1), rhabdomyosarcoma, and brain tumors. Importantly, the fusion molecules represent a unique “tag” that distinguishes the cancerous (or pre-cancerous) cells from the healthy cells. They also mark the most primitive cancer cells, which can sometimes fuel the relapse of a cancer following treatment. In 2023, a new technology was developed called “RADARS”, which senses whether a cell contains a specific mRNA sequence and, if so, deploys a payload protein. We hypothesize that RADARS can be developed to recognize specific "fusion molecules" in pediatric cancer cells and, if present, deploy a "suicide gene" to kill the cell.
Project Goals
In a 2023 ALSF Innovation award, we adapted RADARS to recognize the specific sequences at the breakpoint of two example pediatric cancer fusion molecules: MLL-AF9 found in an aggressive infant leukemia, and EWSR1-FLI1 found in an aggressive bone tumor of adolescents. Moreover, we designed our RADARS to deploy a “suicide gene” if the fusion mRNAs were detected. We showed that these RADARS could specifically kill cells containing these oncofusion molecules when grown in the petri dish. In this proposal, we will extend this work to determine the extent to which these RADARS can kill cancer cells in living animals (mouse). We will also develop a delivery method for our RADARS that utilizes new “mRNA” and lipid nano-particle technologies. There is major current interest in the biopharmaceutical industry currently for these “mRNA” treatments, which should greatly facilitate transition to early phase human clinical trials within 3 years from completion of this study.

