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University of California San Francisco

745 Parnassus Ave
San Francisco, CA 94143
United States

Background

Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. Amplification of the MYCN oncogene is identified in about half of high-risk patients and is associated with rapid tumor progression and poor prognosis irrespective of tumor stage. MYCN protein overexpression is sufficient to drive pathogenesis of neuroblastoma in vitro and in vivo. Extensive studies have been done on targeting known regulators of MYCN to decrease pathological MYCN protein level.

Background

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. While 70-80% of patients survive more than 5 years, survivors have significant neurocognitive and neuro-endocrine disabilities. Several recent studies have identified 4 distinct molecular subgroups (WNT, SHH, Group 3 and Group 4). These subgroups differ in their mutational spectra, gene expression signatures and clinical features including outcome.

Background

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer in childhood. Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21, and DS children have a 20-fold increased risk of ALL. Furthermore, children with ALL and DS ("DS-ALL") have increased treatment-related deaths and disease recurrence than children without DS. Determining the cause of DS-ALL is, therefore, of paramount importance. The additional chromosome 21 must play a role in increased leukemia risk, but not every child with DS develops ALL.

Background

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